International Conference on Microbiology November 25-26, 2020 Tokyo, Japan

The activities of microorganisms are largely affected by the environmental conditions they are thriving in. There are different responses by microorganisms in diverse environmental conditions. A microorganisms needs an optimum environment for it’s perpetuation. It may not be able to grow in adverse conditions but sometimes it may tolerate the unfavourable conditions.

The branch of Microbiology associated with the study of bacteria. Prokaryotes are classified into two categories namely Archea and Bacteria. The difference between two is peptidoglycan layer and N-formyl methionine. Bacteria which is not visible to the naked eye is found everywhere in the environment. This subject is a detailed study of characteristics of bacteria and their classification, diseases caused by them, epidemiology, infections caused by bacteria, exotoxins of gram-positive bacteria, endotoxins of gram-negative bacteria, genetics and ecology of bacteria also their applications in various industries. It also deals with microbe genome analysis. Bacteriology gives us the insights of behaviour of bacteria at different stages. Over past decades Bacteriology research has advanced rapidly. 

The branch of Microbiology that deals with the study of virus and also the diseases caused by them. It also includes it’s physiology, ecology, biochemistry. There are a plethora of viruses known. Out of which few are Influenza virus, HIV virus, Hepatitis virus, Pox virus, Rhinovirus, Adenovirus, Rotavirus, Oncogenic virus and many more. The newly discovered viruses are Zika virus, Torovirus, Ebola virus which is lately discovered in China.

This is the branch of Microbiology that deals with the study of fungi, yeasts and molds. It also includes detailed account on characteristics of fungus, their life cycles and evolution. In Systematic biology, the introduction of molecular methods has a major impact in determining the relationships and in defining taxa at all systemtic levels.  

Phycology is the study of algae and all photoautotrophic microorganisms which may or may not be closely related. Protozoology is the newly established branch of Microbiology which involves study of protozoans such as amoeboids, ciliates, sporozoans and flagellates. Some widespread diseases caused by protozoans are malaria, dysentery, amoebiasis etc. Parasitology like protozoology and phycology deals with study of parasites such as helminthes and arthropods.  

Paleomicrobiology is the study of ancient microorganisms which proves essential in the evolution studies, history and anthropology. New molecular approaches such as DNA sequencing methods have provided insights of antibiotic resistance and also evolution of viruses, saprophytes and pathogens. Also, there are evidences that a single biotype of Yersinia pestis was the causative agent of plague pandemic, and there are closer associations between Mycobacterium tuberculosis from ancient skeletons to Mycobacterium bovis.

Geomicrobiology is the scientific field that deals with the interaction of microorganisms with earth materials. It highlights the roles of microbes in geological and geochemical processes. There are a variety of properties in which the microbes can bring out the effective changes in metal speciation, toxicity and mobility. Also responsible for mineral deterioration and dissolution. 

Industrial microbiology is a discipline in microbiology which gives a detailed account on industrial processes used for the production of drugs, chemicals and fuels. These are of great economic importance. It is primarily associated with the commercial exploitation of microorganisms. The process which takes place with the help of microorganisms are called fermentation processes. The bi-products of the fermentation processes are  intracellular and extracellular enzymes. They are used in effluent industry to degenerate contaminants. Oil spills which make use of the bacteria to clean the oil. Industrial microbiology and Food Microbiology are interdependent. Foods such as cheese, yoghurt, coffee, chocolates, curd etc. utilize microorganisms and enzymes produced by them.   

Prebiotics and probiotics play entirely diverse role in humans. Prebiotics are non-digestible part of human foods which is related to the modulation of human microbiota promoting the growth of healthy microflora. They are left undigested until they reach large intestine. It is beneficial in several ways as it increases the stool mass also reduces colonic pH. It also modulates lipid metabolism and enhances absorption of calcium. Whereas probiotics are the live beneficial bacteria required by the body to maintain a healthy gut. Various species of bacteria which promotes gut microflora are Lactobacillus species, Bifidobacterium, Enterococcus, Pediococcus etc. 

The study of microorganisms in marine environment is called marine microbiology. It includes open oceans, estuaries, coastal areas. These innovations help to resolve the risks associated with climate change, human activities as well as the interactions between species. There are a lot many pathogenic microbes which interact with environment and certainly influence biogeochemical cycle. There is a lot of evolution in marine microbes due to environmental shifts.

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Metabolic engineering means production of fuels, pharmaceuticals and drugs for human welfare by altering metabolic pathways. This method involves overexpression or downregulation of certain proteins such that it gives a new product. The primary step is the understanding of host cell genetic makeup followed by it’s effect on growth of microorganism. The environmental conditions are considered for desired phenotype is called inverse metabolic engineering. Various recombinant DNA technology approaches are used for the production of secondary metabolite improvement.

The wholesome collection of genes of all microbes in a community is called a microbiome. Bioinformatics is in interdisciplinary tool which aligns computer technology with Biology to study biomolecule structure and function. Bioinformatics is used to identify new species based on the similarity between their genetic makeup. 16s rRNA sequencing is used widely to discover new species. The advances in sequencing made it feasible for performing large scale studies on microbial communities.

The human body contains almost 10¹³ cells and supports 10¹⁴ bacteria. This is called normal microbiota or normal human microflora of the body. There are several microbial interactions between host and microorganism. The bacteria may exist as commensal or may harm the host or may aid the host. The normal human microflora can be classified as trainsient and resident microflora. Immunocompromised patients are highly susceptible to the diseases caused by normal microflora. There are several factors responsible for establishment of microflora which are pH, temperature, redox potential, oxygen concentration and nutrient levels.

It is a discipline in Microbiology which helps in studying the mechanisms involved in transfer of hereditary information amongst bacteria, virus, archae etc. When microorganism is launched into a new environment genetic adaptation is likely to occur. It is useful in identifying the genetic basis of adaptation and also fitness loss due to environments.

This track focuses on cell structure and synthesis of cell components followed by detailed discussions of genetics, metabolism, growth, regulation and mechanisms underlying cell survival and growth also on DNA Exchange, recombination, mutagenesis and repair. The researches in this field is focused on how to translate these metabolic, chemical and genetic changes in the microbe for human welfare.